How do you manage database migrations in Django or Flask? What tools are commonly used?

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Managing Database Migrations in Django and Flask

Managing database migrations is crucial for maintaining database schema consistency across development and production environments.

In Django, migrations are built-in using its ORM (Object Relational Mapper). The two main commands are:

python manage.py make migrations – creates migration files based on model changes.

python manage.py migrate – applies the migration to your database.

Django stores migration history and tracks changes seamlessly. It also allows for custom migration scripts if needed.

In Flask, migrations are typically managed using the Flask-Migrate extension, which integrates Alembic, a database migration tool. With Flask-Migrate:

Initialize with flask db. in it

Create migrations using flask db. migrate -m "message"

Apply changes using Flask db. upgrade

Flask offers more flexibility but requires manual setup compared to Django's tightly integrated system.

Tools commonly used:

Django ORM (built-in migrations)

Flask-Migrate (Alembic)

SQL Alchemy (for both raw and ORM-based migrations)

pgAdmin/MySQL Workbench (for visual database management)

By mastering migrations, you ensure your applications evolve without data loss or inconsistencies.

Read More

Explain the MVC (Model-View-Controller) pattern. How is it implemented in Django? 

What are Python decorators, and how are they used in a web application context?

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